Laminar flow characterizes the steady, orderly movement of a liquid in layers. Unlike turbulent flow, where masses move chaotically, laminar flow exhibits predictable patterns. This occurs when a fluid's velocity is relatively low and the viscosity remains high. In such a scenario, each layer of liquid flows smoothly past its neighboring layer with

From intelligent machines performing everyday tasks to advanced companions offering emotional comfort, the landscape of human interaction is undergoing a profound transformation. Despite robot technology has been around for decades, recent advancements in artificial intelligence and robotics have propelled these breakthroughs into the mainstream. A